When a workplace investigation concludes, the investigator must make a finding: did the alleged conduct occur, or didn't it? That determination is not made in a vacuum. It is governed by an evidentiary standard — a defined threshold for how much evidence is required to reach a conclusion.
In workplace investigations, the standard is preponderance of the evidence.
What Preponderance of Evidence Means
Preponderance of the evidence means "more likely than not." In practical terms: if the evidence suggests that the alleged conduct is 51% or more likely to have occurred, the finding is that it did occur.
This is a significantly lower threshold than the criminal standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt." The preponderance standard is deliberately lower because workplace investigations serve a different purpose than criminal proceedings.
Why This Standard Is Used
- It aligns with the standard used by the EEOC and federal courts in evaluating employment discrimination claims
- It appropriately accounts for the fact that workplace misconduct typically occurs without witnesses
- It protects employees who experience misconduct from having valid complaints dismissed
- It allows organizations to take appropriate action based on the weight of available evidence
How It Works in Practice
A credibility assessment is central to this process. When accounts conflict, the investigator evaluates: which account is more internally consistent? Which is better corroborated by other evidence? Are there reasons to question the credibility of either party?
The result is not a declaration of certainty. It is a reasoned conclusion about which version of events is more likely, based on the totality of available evidence.
Why Investigators Must Document the Analysis
The preponderance finding is only as defensible as the documentation behind it. An investigation report that reaches a conclusion without explaining the evidence considered, the credibility analysis applied, and the reasoning used is not legally defensible.
When an EEOC investigation, an external monitor, or a court reviews a workplace investigation, they are reviewing the documented analysis, not just the outcome.